El-Shenawy, Refat, Fakihi, 2013 El-Shenawy NS, Refat MS, Fakihi FH. Pancreatic islet beta cell protective effect of oral vanadyl sulphate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an ultrastructure study. Ahmadi et al., 2010 Ahmadi S, Karimian S, Sotoudeh M, Bahadori M, Dehghani G. Influence of vanadyl sulphate on biochemical activity and morphology of control and streptozotocin-diabetic rat liver Golgi complexes. ( Dabros et al., 2004 Dabros W, Goc A, Turyna B, Kordowiak AM. Vanadyl sulfate protects from beta cells of Langerhans, and therefore provides insulin production and secretion that can improve blood glucose levels. Vanadyl sulfate has been used in humans in the form of insulin-mimetic salt and thus controls both DM type 1 and type 2. The chemistry and biology of vanadium compounds in cancer therapeutics. Kioseoglou et al., 2015 Kioseoglou E, Petanidis S, Gabriel C, Salifoglou A. Stabilities and biological activities of vanadium drugs: what is the nature of the active species? Chem Asian J. Main attention to vanadium has focused on anti-diabetic effects but shifted to anti-cancer and anti-parasitic drugs ( Levina, Lay, 2017 Levina A, Lay PA. Vanadium and proteins: uptake, transport, structure, activity and function. Pessoa et al., 2015 Pessoa JC, Garribba E, Santos MF, Santos-Silva T. Novel ternary vanadium-betaine-peroxido species suppresses H-ras and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by increasing reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Vanadium, the 3d transition metal, has been considered as micro supplements for various biological functions in humans ( Petanidis et al., 2013 Petanidis S, Kioseoglou E, Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M, Salifoglou A. To determine the possible roles of two essential trace elements and ascorbic acid concerning amyloidal beta-sheet formation in diabetes mellitus. Mirhashemi, Aarabi, 2011 Mirhashemi SM, Aarabi M-H. Selenium, vanadium, and chromium as micronutrients to improve metabolic syndrome. It has been documented that trace elements are required for proper function of metabolic pathways ( Panchal, Wanyonyi, Brown, 2017 Panchal SK, Wanyonyi S, Brown L. Clinical and pathological factors associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy. Liang, Cai, Chen, 2017 Liang S, Cai GY, Chen XM. Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes, and its severity has increased throughout the world over the last decade due to the growing trend of diabetes, as it is becoming a major cause of death and mortality ( Li, Ma, 2017 Li PK, Ma TK. Cellular death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diabetic complications. Also, hyperglycemia has critical role in Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) formation, as well as, secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular death ( Volpe et al., 2018 Volpe CMO, Villar-Delfino PH, Dos Anjos PMF, Nogueira-Machado JA. Various tissues which have been exposed to high concentration of glucose may lead to changes in cell signaling, increment of oxidizing species or significant reduction in antioxidant capacity. Hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic problems and their socio-economic burden. Vanadyl Sulfate, IL-1, IL-10 Oxidative Stress Inflammations Our study showed that vanadyl supplementation had positive effects on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in kidney of diabetic rats. The results showed that in VS-treated diabetic rats compared to the non-treated diabetic group, vanadyl sulfate significantly reduced the glucose and insulin secretion and changed renal inflammatory and oxidative markers, except protein carbonyl so that we couldn’t find any significant changes. Compared to controls, glucose and insulin were increased significantly in non-treated diabetic rats ( p-value <0.05) that showed the induction of diabetes type 2 in rats. At the end of study, glucose and insulin were measured using commercially available kits in serum and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in renal homogenates of animals were measured by related methods. Diabetic rats were treated with 25 mg/kgBW of VS in water for 12 weeks. Diabetes type 2 has been induced through high fat diet and fructose in the animals. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into three equal groups as follow: non-diabetics, non-treated diabetics and VS-treated diabetics. This study was designed to assay the effects of VS on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in renal tissue of rats with diabetes type 2. Vanadyl sulfate (VS) is an ingredient in some food supplements and experimental drugs.
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